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Mordovia

Coordinates: 54°26′N 44°27′E / 54.433°N 44.450°E / 54.433; 44.450
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(Redirected from History of Mordovia)
Not to be confused with Moldavia, Moldova, Moravia, or Monrovia.
For other uses, see Mordovia (disambiguation).
Republic of Mordovia
Republic
Республика Мордовия
Other transcription(s)
 • MokshaМордовия Республикась
 • ErzyaМордовия Республикась
Flag of Republic of Mordovia
Flag
Coat of arms of Republic of Mordovia
Coat of arms
Anthem: State Anthem of the Republic of Mordovia[3]
Coordinates: 54°26′N 44°27′E / 54.433°N 44.450°E / 54.433; 44.450
CountryRussia
Federal districtVolga[1]
Economic regionVolga-Vyatka[2]
CapitalSaransk[4]
Government
 • BodyState Assembly[5]
 • Head[5]Artyom Zdunov[6]
Area
[7]
 • Total26,128 km2 (10,088 sq mi)
 • Rank68th
Population
 (2021 census)[8]
 • Total783,552
 • Estimate 
(2018)[9]
805,056
 • Rank58th
 • Density30/km2 (78/sq mi)
 • Urban
63.3%
 • Rural
36.7%
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[10])
ISO 3166 codeRU-MO
License plates13, 113
OKTMO ID89000000
Official languagesRussian;[11] Mordvin (Moksha and Erzya)[12]
Websitewww.e-mordovia.ru

Mordovia (/mɔːrˈdoʊvɪə/ mor-DOH-vee-ə),[a] officially the Republic of Mordovia,[b] is a republic of Russia, situated in Eastern Europe. Its capital is the city of Saransk. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the republic was 834,755.[15] Ethnic Russians (53.1%) and Mordvins (39.8%) account for the majority of the population.

History

[edit]
Map of the Republic of Mordovia

Early history

[edit]

The earliest archaeological signs of modern humans in the area of Mordovia are from the Neolithic era. Mordvins are mentioned in written sources from the 6th century[citation needed]. Later, Mordvins were under the influence of both Volga Bulgaria and the Kievan Rus. Mordvin princes sometimes raided Muroma and Volga Bulgaria and often despoiled each other's holdings.

Mordovia was briefly united under the Principality of Purgaz, led by Erzya prince Purgaz, who fought against the colonisation of the region by Vladimir-Suzdal. The Mordvin tribes were then plunged into a civil war between Purgaz, who was supported by Volga Bulgaria, and Puresh, a Moksha prince backed by Vladimir-Suzdal.[16] The Principality of Purgaz survived the war with Vladimir-Suzdal, which ended in 1232, and was later subjugated to the Golden Horde as the Mukhsha Ulus.[17]

The Golden Horde disintegrated in the 1430s, which resulted in some Mordvins becoming subjects of the Khanate of Kazan, whereas others were incorporated into Muscovy.

Part of the Russian Empire

[edit]

After Ivan IV of Russia annexed the Khanate of Kazan in 1552, the Mordvin lands were subjugated by the Russian monarchy. The Mordvin elite rapidly adopted the Russian language and Russian customs, whereas 1821 saw the publication of the New Testament in Erzya to address the non-elite population. In rural areas, the Mordvin culture was preserved. Russians started to convert Mordvins to Orthodox Christianity in the mid-18th century. Mordvins gave up their own shamanist religion only slowly, however, and many of shamanist features were preserved as parts of local culture, though the population became nominally Christian. Translations of literature to Mordvin languages were mostly religious books. In the 18th century, the Latin alphabet was used to write Mordvin, but from the mid-19th century, Cyrillic was used. The region of modern-day Mordovia was mainly organized as a part of Penza Governorate over the late 18th and the 19th centuries.

Part of the Soviet Union

[edit]
A monument to Fyodor Ushakov in Alekseevka, Temnikovsky District

During the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War, Mordovia was held by Bolsheviks from the beginning of the war. When the Bolsheviks prevailed in the war, Mordovia became a part of the Russian SFSR. In 1925, the Soviet government founded autonomous districts and village councils in the area of the Mordvins. During the Soviet era, two written languages were developed, one based on the Erzya dialect in 1922 and one on the Moksha dialect in 1923, both using Cyrillic script. The Mordovian Okrug was founded on 16 July 1928, and it was elevated to the status of an autonomous oblast becoming the Mordovian Autonomous Oblast [ru] on 10 January 1930. The autonomous oblast was transformed into the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 20 December 1934.[13] Several forced labor Gulags were established under the Bolsheviks, such as Temlag.

Part of the Russian Federation

[edit]

When the Soviet Union disintegrated, the Mordovian ASSR proclaimed itself the Mordovian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1990 and remained a part of the Russian Federation. Mordovia was one of only two republics that did not proclaim sovereignty.[18] On 25 January 1994, it was renamed the Republic of Mordovia.

Geography

[edit]

The republic is located in the eastern part of the East European Plain of Russia. The western part of the republic is situated in the Oka–Don Plain; its eastern and central parts are located in the Volga Upland.

Lake Chevan Erke

Rivers

[edit]
Protected area

There are 114 rivers in the republic. Major rivers include:

Lakes

[edit]

There are approximately five hundred lakes in the republic.

Natural resources

[edit]

Natural resources include peat, mineral waters, and others.

Climate

[edit]

The climate is moderately continental.

  • Average January temperature: −11 °C (12 °F)
  • Average July temperature: +19 °C (66 °F)
  • Average annual precipitation: ~500 millimeters (20 in)

Administrative divisions

[edit]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Mordovia

Politics

[edit]
Seat of the Government, completed in 1986.

The supreme law is the Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia [ru].

During the Parade of Sovereignties among other former Russian autonomous republics, Mordovia established a presidency in 1991.

In that same year, Vasily Guslyannikov, a physicist by training, was elected in the general election. Guslyannikov had previously been a senior researcher at the Institute of Power Electronics and was the leader of the republican branch of the Democratic Russia political movement.

In 1993, the Supreme Council of Mordovia abolished the post of president, on the basis of which Guslyannikov was removed from his post. Guslyannikov appealed the action of the supreme legislative body of the republic in the Russian Constitutional Court, but the Constitutional Court declared its conformity with the Constitution of Russia.

The head of the government in the Republic of Mordovia is the Head of the Republic. The office is currently held by Artyom Zdunov, who was made acting head on 18 November 2020. His predecessor was Vladimir Volkov who held the office from 2012.

The State Assembly is the legislature of the republic.

The Republic of Mordovia has regional offices of the main political parties: United Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, A Just Russia, Yabloko, and Right Cause. In the republic's parliament - the State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia - deputies from United Russia and the Communist Party are represented. However, other political forces can work publicly, for example, in the Public Chamber of Mordovia.

Economy

[edit]

The most developed industries are machine construction, chemicals, woodworking, and food industries. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the capital Saransk, as well as in the towns of Kovylkino and Ruzayevka, and in the urban-type settlements of Chamzinka and Komsomolsky.

The largest companies in the region include Unimilk (branch of Danone Russia), Ruzayevsky Chemical Machine-Building Plant, Mordovcement, Saranskkabel.[19]

Demographics

[edit]

The population of Mordovia is 783,552 (2021 Census);[20] .

Settlements

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19261,260,073—    
19591,001,994−20.5%
19701,029,562+2.8%
1979990,617−3.8%
1989964,132−2.7%
2002888,766−7.8%
2010834,755−6.1%
2021783,552−6.1%
Source: Census data

Vital statistics

[edit]
Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Fertility rates
1970 1 026 15 423 9 048 6 375 15.0 8.8 6.2
1975 1 003 14 983 9 689 5 294 14.9 9.7 5.3
1980 984 14 320 10 287 4 033 14.6 10.5 4.1
1985 964 15 123 11 152 3 971 15.7 11.6 4.1
1990 963 12 910 11 018 1 892 13.4 11.4 2.0 1,87
1991 961 11 537 11 079 458 12.0 11.5 0.5 1,73
1992 961 10 215 11 574 - 1 359 10.6 12.0 - 1.4 1,55
1993 959 9 276 13 217 - 3 941 9.7 13.8 - 4.1 1,42
1994 956 8 916 14 748 - 5 832 9.3 15.4 - 6.1 1,37
1995 952 8 589 13 460 - 4 871 9.0 14.1 - 5.1 1,32
1996 946 7 883 13 579 - 5 696 8.3 14.4 - 6.0 1,22
1997 939 7 493 13 631 - 6 138 8.0 14.5 - 6.5 1,16
1998 931 7 469 13 116 - 5 647 8.0 14.1 - 6.1 1,16
1999 923 6 994 14 200 - 7 206 7.6 15.4 - 7.8 1,09
2000 913 7 148 14 838 - 7 690 7.8 16.2 - 8.4 1,12
2001 903 7 049 14 200 - 7 151 7.8 15.7 - 7.9 1,11
2002 891 7 131 14 918 - 7 787 8.0 16.7 - 8.7 1,12
2003 880 7 433 15 170 - 7 737 8.4 17.2 - 8.8 1,16
2004 873 7 689 14 768 - 7 079 8.8 16.9 - 8.1 1,20
2005 865 7 394 14 823 - 7 429 8.5 17.1 - 8.6 1,14
2006 858 7 367 13 981 - 6 614 8.6 16.3 - 7.7 1,14
2007 851 7 728 13 320 - 5 592 9.1 15.6 - 6.6 1,19
2008 846 8 215 13 167 - 4 952 9.7 15.6 - 5.9 1,28
2009 841 8 103 13 027 - 4 924 9.6 15.5 - 5.9 1,27
2010 835 7 974 13 106 - 5 132 9.5 15.7 - 6.1 1,24
2011 830 7 896 12 310 - 4 414 9.5 14.8 - 5.3 1,25
2012 822 8 180 11 925 - 3 745 10.0 14.5 - 4.5 1,32
2013 815 8 256 12 095 - 3 839 10.1 14.8 - 4.7 1,37
2014 811 8 133 11 621 - 3 488 10.0 14.3 - 4.3 1,37
2015 808 7 864 11 431 - 3 567 9.7 14.2 - 4.5 1,36
2016 808 7 975 11 367 - 3 392 9.9 14.1 - 4.2 1,40
2017 806 6 884 10 849 - 3 965 8.5 13.5 -5.0 1,26

Ethnic groups

[edit]
Main article: Mordvins
Ethnic map of Mordovia

The Mordvin people are a Volga Finnic group speaking two related languages, Moksha and Erzya. The Mordvins identify themselves as separate ethnic groups:[21] the Erzya and Moksha. Only one-third of all Mordvinic languages speakers live in the Republic of Mordovia. During the Soviet period, school textbooks were published in each language.[22]

According to the 2010 Census,[15] Russians make up 53.4% of the republic's population, while ethnic Erzya and Moksha are 39.8%. Other groups include Tatars (5.2%), Ukrainians (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Ethnic
group 		1939 census 1959 census 1970 census 1979 census 1989 census 2002 census 2010 census1 2021 census[23]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % % of those who stated ethnicity
Russians 719,117 60.53 590,557 59.04 606,817 58.94 591,212 59.75 586,147 60.83 540,717 60.84 443,737 53.05 406,061 51.82 54.09
Mordvins 405,031 34.09 357,978 35.79 364,689 35.42 338,898 34.25 313,420 32.53 283,861 31.94 333,112 39.83 290,750 37.11 38.73
Tatars 47,386 3.99 38,636 3.86 44,954 4.37 45,765 4.63 47,328 4.91 46,261 5.21 43,392 5.19 39,855 5.09 5.31
Ukrainians 7,586 0.64 6,554 0.66 6,033 0.59 5,622 0.57 6,461 0.67 4,801 0.54 4,801 0.57 1,414 0.18 0.19
Other Ethnicities 8,884 0.75 6,468 0.65 7,069 0.69 8,012 0.81 10,148 1.05 13,126 1.48 11,361 1.36 12,601 1.61 1.68
Ethnicity not stated 32,867 4.19
TOTAL 1,188,004 100.00 1,000,193 100.00 1,029,562 100.00 989,509 100.00 963,504 100.00 888,766 100.00 836,403 100.00 783,552 100% 100%
1 3,153 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[24]

Religion

[edit]
Religion in Mordovia as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[25][26]
Russian Orthodoxy
 
 68.6%
Old Believers
 
 0.6%
Other Christians
 
 4.9%
Islam
 
 2.4%
Spiritual but not religious
 
 9.7%
Atheism and irreligion
 
 7.2%
Other and undeclared
 
 6.6%

According to a 2012 survey,[25] 68.6% of the population of Mordovia adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church (there are many churches and monasteries, for example, Monastery of John the Evangelist in Makarovka), 5% are unaffiliated Christians, 2% are Muslims, 1% are Old Believers. In addition, 10% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 7% are atheist, and 6.4% follow Buddhism only in the city of Saransk.[25] Some Mordvins adhere to the Mordvin native religion.

Education

[edit]

The most important facilities of higher education include Mordovian State University and Mordovian State Pedagogical Institute in Saransk.

Culture

[edit]
See also: Mordovian national costume
Ethnographic Museum «Ethno-kudo» named after V. Romashkin

There are many museums in the republic. The largest ones include the Mordovian Republican United Museum of Regional Studies and the Museum of Mordvinian Culture in Saransk.

The National Library of the Republic of Mordovia is the largest library in the republic.

The State Puppet Theater of the Republic of Mordovia, located in Saransk, is well known in Russia. Most of the plays performed in this theater are Russian fairy-tales.

Erzya literature experienced a renaissance in the 1920s and 1930s.

The House and Museum of F. Sychkov was opened on March 11, 1970, at Kochelaevo, Kovylkinsky District after a reconstruction.

Mordovian cuisine is widespread in the country.

Penal colonies

[edit]
See also: Corrective colony No. 2, Mordovia

Mordovia is home to multiple penal colonies. Prisons in Mordovia are regarded by many as having conditions harsher than most Russian prisons. According to University of Helsinki sociologist Olga Zeveleva, who works with the Gulag Echoes project studying Russian prison conditions, "Prisons in Mordovia are notoriously terrible, even by Russian standards. The prisons there are known for the harsh regimes and human rights violations.”[27] According to The Guardian, a popular saying among female prison inmates in Russia is “If you haven’t done time in Mordovia, you haven’t done time at all.”[27] The prison was built as a part of a system of similar prisons in the region in the 1930s during the Soviet era.[27][28] University of Oxford scholar Judith Pallot described the prison as being "stuck in time for 50 years."[27] Violence from other prisoners and prison guards is not as frequent as in men's prisons, but is not uncommon.[27][29] As of 2022, among the prisoners held in Mordovia's penal colonies is Paul Whelan, a U.S. citizen accused of spying and sentenced to 16 years.[30]

Sport

[edit]

Mordovia, along with neighbour Chuvashia and Penza Oblast, has given some of the best modern racewalking athletes, both women (Olga Kaniskina, Anisya Kirdyapkina, Elena Lashmanova, Olena Shumkina, Irina Stankina) and men (Sergey Bakulin, Valeriy Borchin, Stanislav Emelyanov, Vladimir Kanaykin, Sergey Kirdyapkin, Sergey Morozov, Denis Nizhegorodov, Roman Rasskazov), apart from Alexei Nemov (see more in the article History of Mordovian sport).

Language

[edit]
Main article: Mordvinic languages

The Mordvinic languages,[31] alternatively Mordvin languages,[32] or Mordvinian languages (Russian: Мордовские языки, Mordovskiye yazyki, the official Russian term for the language pair),[33] are a subgroup of the Uralic languages, comprising the closely related Erzya language and Moksha language.[34] Previously considered a single "Mordvin language",[35] it is now treated as a small language grouping consisting of just two languages. Due to differences in phonology, lexicon, and grammar, Erzya and Moksha are not mutually intelligible, so the Russian language is often used for intergroup communications.[citation needed]

The two Mordvinic languages also have separate literary forms. The Erzya literary language was created in 1922 and the Mokshan in 1923.[36]

The two Mordvinic languages are official languages of Mordovia along with Russian.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Russian: Мордовия, romanized: Mordovija, IPA: [mɐrˈdovʲɪjə]; Moksha and Erzya: Мордовиясь, romanized: Mordoviäś
  2. ^ Russian: Республика Мордовия, romanized: Respublika Mordovija, IPA: [rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə mɐrˈdovʲɪjə]; Moksha: Мордовия Республиксь, romanized: Mordovija Respublikś; Erzya: Мордовия Республикась, romanized: Mordovija Respublikaś[14]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ^ Law #50-Z
  4. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia, Article 109
  5. ^ a b Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia, Article 9.3
  6. ^ "Putin appointed Artyom Zdunov Acting Head of Mordovia". Vedomosti (in Russian). November 18, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  7. ^ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  8. ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  9. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  10. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  11. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  12. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia, Article 12
  13. ^ a b Republic of Mordovia. Administrative-Territorial Division, p. 4
  14. ^ "Official website of the Government of the Republic of Mordovia". Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
  15. ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  16. ^ "Пургас и Пуреш" [Purgaz and Puresh]. Krasnoslobodsk (in Russian). February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
  17. ^ Khairetdinov, Damir Z. (December 4, 2018). "Khazars, Kipchaks, Burtas: On the Ethnic Ancestors of the Nizhnii Novgorod Mishar Tatars". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 57 (4): 317–318. doi:10.1080/10611959.2018.1536636 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  18. ^ Zamyatin, Konstantin (2013). "Sovereignisation and State Languages: Early Formation of Language Policy of Russia's Finno-Ugric Republics in the Conditions of the USSR Disintegration" (PDF). Finnish-Ugric Communications. 36: 132 – via University of Helsinki.
  19. ^ Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО. СБИС (in Russian). Retrieved October 20, 2018.
  20. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  21. ^ "Mordvin language". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  22. ^ Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy, 1934-1980," American Political Science Review 78 (December 1984): 1019-1039.
  23. ^ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  24. ^ "ВПН-2010". www.gks.ru. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  25. ^ a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
  26. ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
  27. ^ a b c d e "IK-2 Mordovia: the harsh, notorious penal colony holding Brittney Griner". the Guardian. November 18, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
  28. ^ Lebedev, Filipp (November 18, 2022). "Russian prison activist paints picture of life facing Griner". Reuters. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
  29. ^ Trevelyan, Mark; Lebedev, Filipp; Lewis, Simon; Trevelyan, Mark (November 3, 2022). "Brittney Griner faces bleak life in Russian penal colony". Reuters. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
  30. ^ Hopkins, Valerie. "Here’s a look at two Americans still detained in Russian penal colonies." New York Times, December 9, 2022.
  31. ^ Bright, William (1992). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505196-4.
  32. ^ ""Mordvin languages" - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  33. ^ Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages. Columbia University Press. p. 429. ISBN 9780231115681. Erza.
  34. ^ Grenoble, Lenore (2003). Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Springer. p. A80. ISBN 978-1-4020-1298-3.
  35. ^ Raun, Alo (1988). Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Uralic languages: Description, history and foreign influences. BRILL. p. A96. ISBN 978-90-04-07741-6.
  36. ^ Wixman, Ronald (1984). The Peoples of the USSR. M.E. Sharpe. p. A137. ISBN 978-0-87332-506-6.

Sources

[edit]
  • Конституционное собрание Республики Мордовия. 21 сентября 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Мордовия (текст в ред. от 15 марта 2011 г.)», в ред. Закона №62-З от 3 сентября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в статьи 71 и 94 Конституции Республики Мордовия». Вступил в силу 22 сентября 1995 г. Опубликован: "Известия Мордовии", №180, 22 сентября 1995 г. (Constitutional Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia. September 21, 1995 Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia (text of rev. of March 15, 2011), as amended by the Law #62-Z of September 3, 2015 On Amending Articles 71 and 94 of the Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia. Effective as of September 22, 1995.).
  • Государственное Собрание Республики Мордовия. Закон №50-З от 19 ноября 2002 г. «О государственном гимне Республики Мордовия». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Известия Мордовии", #179, 21 ноября 2002 г. (State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia. Law #50-Z of November 19, 2002 On the State Anthem of the Republic of Mordovia. Effective as of the day of official publication.).
  • Государственное Собрание Республики Мордовия (State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia). "Республика Мордовия. Административно-территориальное деление" (Republic of Mordovia. Administrative-Territorial Division). Саранск, 1998.
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